Fig. 7

Effects of long-term TMAO exposure upon astrocytes and microglia in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus of mice in conjunction with sub-acute inflammatory challenge. A Typical immunohistochemical staining of GFAP+ astrocytes in the entorhinal cortex of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.). Scale bar = 40 μm. B Typical immunohistochemical staining of Iba1+ microglia in the entorhinal cortex of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.), scale bar = 40 μm. C Astrocyte and microglial primary process number and in the entorhinal cortex of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 mice. D Astrocyte and microglial density in the entorhinal cortex of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 mice. E Typical immunohistochemical staining of GFAP+ astrocytes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.). Scale bar = 40 μm F Typical immunohistochemical staining of Iba1+ microglia in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.), scale bar = 40 μm. G Astrocyte and microglial primary process number in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 mice. H Astrocyte and microglial density in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of mice previously treated with TMAO through their drinking water (0.5 mg/ml) over 2 months, combined with a chronic low-dose administration of LPS (0.5 mg/kg/week, i.p.). Data are expressed as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4 mice