Maternal characteristics | Sub (n = 81) | Ba1 (n = 70) | Bif (n = 53) | Ba2 (n = 44) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD, range) | 32.5 (4.0, 20.3–40.7) | 31.7 (4.1, 22.4–44.4) | 33.1 (4.1, 24.3–42.8) | 32.5 (4.0, 25.5–40.5) |
Education, N (%) | ||||
 Completed high school diploma | 6 (7.4%) | 4 (5.7%) | 3 (5.7%) | 1 (2.3%) |
 Completed trade, technical diploma | 13 (16.0%) | 11 (15.7%) | 12 (22.6%) | 10 (22.7%) |
 Completed university degree | 40 (49.4%) | 45 (64.3%) | 28 (52.8%) | 24 (54.5%) |
 Completed post-graduate degree | 22 (27.2%) | 10 (14.3%) | 10 (18.9%) | 9 (20.5%) |
Annual household income, N (%)b | ||||
 < $20,000 | 3 (3.7%) | 0 | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (2.3%) |
 $20, 000–$39,999 | 2 (2.5%) | 4 (5.7%) | 1 (1.9%) | 1 (2.3%) |
 $40,000–$69,999 | 7 (8.6%) | 5 (7.1%) | 9 (17.0%) | 6 (14.0%) |
 $70,000–$99,999 | 18 (22.2%) | 20 (28.6%) | 12 (22.6%) | 7 (16.3%) |
 > $100,000 | 51 (63%) | 41 (58.6%) | 30 (56.6%) | 28 (65.1%) |
Ethnicity, N (%) | ||||
 White | 78 (96.3%) | 66 (94.3%) | 40 (75.5%) | 30 (68.2%) |
 Chinese | 0 | 0 | 4 (7.5%) | 6 (13.6%) |
 South-East Asian | 0 | 2 (2.9%) | 4 (7.5%) | 1 (2.3%) |
 Latin America | 0 | 1 (1.4%) | 3 (5.7%) | 2 (4.5%) |
 Other | 3 (3.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | 2 (3.8%) | 5 (11.3%) |
Child characteristics | ||||
 Age (years), mean (SD, range) | 4.35 (0.51, 3.06–4.95) | 4.33 (0.45, 3.23–4.91) | 4.47 (0.47, 3.05–5.00) | 4.38 (0.47, 3.39–5.00) |
 Male, N (%) | 45 (55.6%) | 37 (52.9%) | 25 (47.2%) | 23 (52.3%) |
 Mode of delivery–vaginal, N (%)b | 58 (71.6%) | 52 (74.3%) | 42 (79.2%) | 35 (79.5%) |
 Gestational age (weeks), mean (SD, range)b | 39.6 (1.8, 33.7–41.9) | 39.0 (1.5, 35.0–42.0) | 39.3 (1.3, 35.6–41.4) | 38.3 (2.5, 29.4–41.3) |
 Birth weight (gram), mean (SD, range)b | 3451 (594, 2468–5210) | 3334 (520, 2215–4649) | 3383 (550, 2260–4904) | 3052 (632, 1200–4185) |
 Antibiotic exposure–yes, N (%)c | 36 (44.4%) | 28 (40.0%) | 18 (34.0%) | 16 (36.4%) |
BASC-2, mean (SD, range)b | ||||
 Adaptive Skills (T score) | 50.9 (8.4, 24–68) | 53.2 (8.0, 32–67) | 48.3 (7.8, 34–67) | 49.7 (8.6, 30–68) |
 Internalizing (T score) | 47.5 (8.5, 33–66) | 48.2 (7.5, 30–66) | 48.7 (8.4, 32–67) | 48.4 (7.6, 3166) |
 Externalizing (T score) | 49.9 (7.9, 38–74) | 47.8 (8.5, 37–70) | 49.4 (7.8, 36–66) | 50.4 (7.7, 36–66) |
 Behavioral symptoms (T score) | 49.4 (8.3, 35–73) | 48.2 (6.9, 36–65) | 50.9 (6.9, 35–66) | 50.5 (8.3, 37–67) |
Diet, mean (SD, range)d | ||||
 Diet quality score | 3.70 (0.58, 1.95–4.93) | 3.72 (0.75, 1.96–5.74) | 3.66 (0.73, 2.29–5.71) | 3.67 (0.68, 2.15–4.92) |
 Total energy intake (calories) | 1540 (382, 614–2765) | 1563 (397, 941–2736) | 1644 (673, 924–4919) | 1828 (1168, 761–5131) |
 Vegetable and fruit (gram) | 491 (196, 164–1032) | 498 (214, 164–1304) | 480 (291, 174–1793) | 507 (328, 93–1793) |
 Grain product (gram) | 142 (64, 12.7–356) | 135 (52, 48–356) | 149 (108, 44–660) | 185 (115, 56–522) |
 Meat and alternatives (gram) | 108 (44, 20–249) | 117 (46, 39–251) | 123 (66, 13–370) | 106 (76, 11–425) |