Fig. 5

Microbial signature in mucosa linked to accelerated biological aging. A Spearman’s rank correlation analysis depicts associations between colonic microbiomes enriched (top rows) or depleted (bottom rows) in PLWH on ART and accelerated biological aging in the colon and blood (columns). Red and blue signify correlations with P < 0.05. White indicates P > 0.05. *FDR < 10%. B Plots represent correlations between specific bacterial taxa in the colon and accelerated epigenetic aging: Catenibacterium vs. DunedinPACE (colon) [left]; Prevotella 9 vs. DunedinPACE (colon) [middle]; and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-003 vs. GrimAge (blood) [right]. C-D Spearman’s rank correlation heatmaps display association of ileal microbiota (C) and fecal microbiota (D) with accelerated aging in different regions. Red indicates positive and blue indicates negative correlations with P < 0.05; white spaces show P > 0.05. E Spearman’s rank correlation heatmap illustrates correlations between microbiomes in the colon (top), ileum (middle), and feces (bottom) with tight junction integrity, microbial translocation, and inflammatory markers. F Spearman’s rank correlation heatmap depicts associations between pro-inflammatory, butyrate, and SCFA-producing microbiota in the ileum or colon with HIV DNA/RNA levels. Red signifies positive and blue indicates negative correlations. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. G Spearman’s rank correlations are demonstrated between the relative abundance of pro-inflammatory microbiome (ileum) vs. HIV DNA/RNA in ileum and PBMCs (top). The bottom panel shows correlations of SCFA-producing microbiome (ileum) vs. HIV DNA/RNA in ileum and PBMCs