Fig. 5

IPA mitigated the imbalance of hippocampal inhibitory transmission in 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) mice. A The red puncta indicate c-Fos⁺ neurons in the DG of the hippocampus. Scale bar: 50 μm. B IPA can improve the overactivation of hippocampal neurons in 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) mice (WT + Vehicle: n = 7 mice; WT + IPA: n = 4 mice; 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) + Vehicle: n = 6 mice; 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) + IPA: n = 5 mice. Two-way ANOVA). C Representative sIPSCs traces from granule cells in hippocampus of mice, scale bars: 5 s, 10pA. D Cumulative distribution of sIPSCs amplitudes. E Cumulative distribution of sIPSC frequencies (16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) + Vehicle: n = 1814 events from 9 cells of 5 mice; 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) + IPA: n = 3169 events from 11 cells of 4 mice. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). F Single confocal planes of punctate GAD65/67 surrounding neurons in the DG of the hippocampus, scale bar: 5 μm. G Graph showing the density of GAD65/67 puncta on the perisomatic region of hippocampal neurons (WT + Vehicle: n = 68 cells from 5 mice; WT + IPA: n = 35 cells from 4 mice; 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) + Vehicle: n = 49 cells from 5 mice; 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) + IPA: n = 52 cells from 5 mice. Two-way ANOVA). H IPA restored the level of GABA in hippocampus of 16p11.2\({}^{+/-}\) mice (n = 5 per group. Two-way ANOVA). Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ****p < 0.0001. Detailed statistical information is presented in Additional file 2: Table S1