Fig. 1

Diversity of seed-associated microbiomes in 18 fonio accessions. A Scheme showing sample collection and processing in the study. We germinated a single seed per accession and used the progeny seed for sterilization, germination, 16S rDNA sequencing and analysis. (Illustration created by Biorender.com) Histograms of the relative abundances of the top 10 bacterial communities at genus level (B) and Boxplot of Shannon index showing diversity in the 18 fonio accessions (C). Group 1 (CM06501, CM05839, CM06496), group 2 (CM07885, CH3, CM03403), group3 (CM07249, CM07244, CM07327) and group 4 (CM07340, CM07234, CM07360), and group 5 (CM03438, CM03423, CM03439) and group 6 (CM05737, CM05741, CM05734). Kruskal–Wallis test, * indicates p < 0.05, ** indicates p < 0.01 and, and *** indicates p < 0.001. The box boundaries indicate the first and third quartile. Lines extending from the boxes (whiskers) indicate variability outside the lower and upper quartiles The lines in the middle of the boxes represent the median values of Shannon index for accession. Outliers are plotted as individual points. D Principal component analysis (PCoA) shows the grouping patterns of the accession based on unweighted UniFrac distance