Fig. 9

Oral PA induces postoperative cognitive impairment and brain pathological changes in young mice. A Flow chart of the experiment indicates the pretreatment of PA in young before surgery and the detection time of each cognitive behavior. B Latency to find the platform in the MWM test from 8 to 12 days after surgery of the young mice. C The number of times that the young mice crossed the platform in the MWM test in the 13th day after surgery. D The retention time in the platform quadrant in the MWM test in the 13th day after surgery of the young mice. E Freezing time in the fear conditioning test in the 16th day after surgery of the young mice. F Novel object exploration index in novel object recognition in the 19th day after surgery of the young mice. G UHPLC analysis was used to detect the PA level in the brain hippocampus of young mice. H UHPLC analysis was used to detect the PA level in the serum of young mice. I Confocal laser microscopy magnified the microglia positively expressing IBA1 in the hippocampus of mouse brain tissues in each group. J Correlation with I, the number of branches of microglia expressing IBA1 positively in the hippocampus of the mouse brain tissues of each group was calculated. K Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression level of the microglial marker IBA1 (green) and astrocyte marker GFAP (red) in the hippocampus of mouse brain tissues in each group. L Correlation with K, the fluorescence intensity of IBA1 and GFAP in the hippocampus of the mouse brain tissues in each group was calculated. M Golgi staining was used to detect morphological changes in neurons and dendrites in the hippocampus of mice in each group. N Correlation with M, the length of the spines in each group of mouse neurons under the same magnification. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001, ns means no significant