Fig. 4

Metabolic profiles were altered by administration of L. paracasei MI29. a Heat map displaying the metabolic profiles in the cecum of mice treated with MI3 or MI29. b Principal component analysis plot showing clustering between L. paracasei MI3- and MI29-treated mice. The metabolite enrichment analysis summary is based on the metabolites that showed significant variation in the cecum contents from MI29-treated mice compared with MI3-treated mice. c Colorimetric assay using IFN-α/β reporter cell line with 4 mM of palmitic acid or culture supernatant of L. paracasei MI29 by the treatment of Gpr40/120 antagonist. d Non-targeted metabolite analysis of bacterial culture supernatant. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey’s test. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, and ^***p < 0.001. Data are combined from at least three independent experiments