Fig. 3
From: Antimicrobial peptides modulate lung injury by altering the intestinal microbiota
Intestinal lysozyme supplementation reduces hyperoxia-induced lung injury. A Neonatal C57BL/6NCrl mice randomized to either every other day exposure to lysozyme by gastric gavage or their littermate controls were then exposed to normoxia or hyperoxia from the 3rd-14.th day of life (n = 4 litters with 5–7 neonatal mice/litter per exposure group). FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen. PBS, phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle). SPF, specific-pathogen-free. B Representative photomicrographs of the distal lung sections of 14-day-old mice. C Lysozyme exposure ameliorates hyperoxia-induced disruptions in lung morphology and function. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, with significance testing by two-way ANOVA. D Volcano plot of ileal RNAseq showing gene expression altered by lysozyme exposure. E Heatmap showing genes regulated by lysozyme exposure. F Principal components analysis showing differential clustering of ileal genes in lysozyme-exposed mice. PC, principal component. G Ileal antimicrobial peptide expression is altered in lysozyme-exposed mice. H The community diversity of the adherent and luminal ileal bacterial microbiome is not significantly altered by lysozyme exposure. I The hyperoxia-induced increase in the relative abundance of operational taxonomic unit 014 (Staphylococcus) is ameliorated by lysozyme exposure. Multiple other genera are increased in lysozyme and hyperoxia-exposed mice. Data are shown as mean ± SEM, with significance testing by two-way ANOVA. J Principal coordinates analysis of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity shows global alterations in community composition in lysozyme-exposed mice. Significance testing by permutational ANOVA (PERMANOVA), with equivocal dispersion confirmed by permutational multivariate analysis of dispersion (PERMDISP). PC, principal component. K Loading plot of a principal components analysis of a Hellinger transformed Euclidian distance showing global community composition significantly altered in lysozyme-exposed mice. The schematic in (A) was generated using BioRender. See also Figure S7