Fig. 4

Faecal microbiota analysis. Mean relative taxonomic abundances at the phylum level (a) and at the genus level (b) in each dog group are presented. The differentially abundant bacterial genera (q < 0.1) are presented (c), where blue dots refer to genera identified by corncob and orange dots to genera identified by corncob and ANCOM-BC. The comparison of the abundance was conducted between the two groups indicated in each panel: left, cAD-affected dogs that did not receive medical treatment (cADpre) vs. healthy dogs (Healthy); middle, cAD-affected dogs on medical treatment (cADtreat) vs. healthy dogs; right, cADpre dogs that received 2 weeks of oclacitinib treatment (cADpost) vs. cADpre. Alpha diversity was analysed using the DivNet estimate of Shannon, as samplewise estimates (d) and communitywise estimate (e). Beta diversity was evaluated using constrained analysis of principal coordinates of the Aichison distance, demonstrating clear differences between the four groups (adonis: p < 0.001)