Fig. 3

GC–MS metabolomics analysis conducted for microbiome, plasma, and testis tissues of all the FMT groups. A–C The volcano plots of metabolites for the damaged comparison (o FMT y group and y FMT y) in the microbiome (A), plasma (B), and testis tissues (C). D–F Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of metabolites for the damaged comparison in microbiome (D), plasma (E), and testis tissues (F). G–I The metabolites for rescued comparison (y FMT o and o FMT o) shown as volcano plots in the microbiome (G), plasma (H), and testis tissues (I). J–L PLS-DA of metabolites in microbiome (J), plasma (K), and testis tissues (L). Significantly regulated metabolites between groups were determined by absolute FC (fold change) > 1 and p value < 0.05 with the representative metabolites indicated (A–C and G–I). M The intensity of representative metabolites such as 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (3-HPAA) and citrulline in microbiome, citrulline and benzoic acid in plasma, and benzoic acid in testis of y FMT y and o FMT y mice. N 3-HPAA and p-HPAA in microbiome, benzoic acid and cystine in plasma, and malic acid in testis of o FMT o and y FMT o mice. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Data are analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test or Wilcoxon test. n = 7–8 mice per group