Fig. 2

Gut microbiota dysbiosis of old donor mice. A Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) between young and old donor groups. B The α-diversity including Chao1, Shannon and Simpson index. C, D Statistical differences between young and old groups were identified using the line discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method. Cladogram illustrating the output of the LEfSe algorithm. Significantly distinct taxonomic nodes are colored, and the branch areas are shaded according to the effect size of the taxa (C). Taxa enriched in the young (blue), and old (pink) groups with LDA score ≥ 4 are indicated (D). E The top ten bacteria with maximum abundance of at the genus level. F Significant changes in abundance at the genus level. G The top ten bacteria with maximum abundance at the species level. H Significant changes in abundance at the species level. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. Data are analyzed by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test or Wilcoxon test. n = 10 mice per group