Fig. 5

Differentially expressed genes and KEGG enrichment analysis. A Volcano plots of all gene comparisons between the MO group and Lov group. Red and blue dots indicated that when p value was less than 0.05 and Log2FoldChange value was greater than 1 or less than − 1, they were significantly upregulated and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs). B Metascape analysis showed that the 18 clusters enriched KEGG pathway were representative in the list of upregulated and downregulated genes. Each line represented a KEGG ontology. Left bar: Log (p value) indicated a significant pathway. The right bar indicated the number of genes enriched in the pathway (hypergeometric test, **p < 0.01). C Volcano plots of all gene comparisons between Lov group and L + A5 group. D Metascape analysis showed that the top 20 clusters enriched KEGG pathway were representative in the list of upregulated and downregulated genes. E Volcano plots of all gene comparisons between the Lov group and L + C3 group. F Metascape analysis showed that the top 20 clusters enriched KEGG pathway were representative in the list of upregulated and downregulated genes. G Volcano plots of all gene comparisons between the Lov group and L + LcS group. H Metascape analysis showed that the 9 clusters enriched KEGG pathway were representative in the list of upregulated and downregulated genes. I Compared with lovastatin group, the three probiotics groups were enriched in five metabolic pathways. J The five metabolic pathways enriched by the three probiotics groups were valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation; drug metabolism-cytochrome P450; central carbon metabolism in cancer; butanoate metabolism; and fatty acid metabolism