Fig. 5

Variation of goat GIT microbiota associated with age, feeding style, and geography. a–c Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) based on Bray–Curtis dissimilarities (“Methods,” subsets (samples at line 262–499) as indicated in Table S1) show significant clustering of samples according to the goat age (a), feeding style (b), and geography (c), respectively. d The Venn and upset diagram shows the shared and unique relationships among differentially abundant genera across various factors (including the age, feeding style, geography, and GIT sections), the genera shown in the figure are all genera that exhibit differences in at least one factor. e Variation of the methane production and cellulose digestion-related genera attributed to different age, feeding style, and geography groups. Yellow and green represent methane production and cellulose digestion-related genera, respectively. Differential taxa were identified between two groups using linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis (“Methods”); the Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test the statistical significance between groups. ns: no significance, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.0001, **** P < 0.0001