Fig. 6

Heightened inflammatory responses in the blood after brain ischemia in young mice transplanted with old mouse feces or treated with valeric acid. The blood was harvested 24 h after 120-min MCAO for cytokine analysis. A Young mice (8 weeks old) received saline, cefazolin, cefazolin, and then transplantation of old mouse feces or cefazolin and then transplantation of young mouse feces. They were subjected to 120-min MCAO 2 weeks after the fecal transplantation and named Young-saline, Young-antibiotic, Yyoung-oFMT, and Young-yFMT, respectively. B Young mice received saline or valeric acid intraperitoneally and then subjected to 120-min MCAO. They were named saline stroke and valeric stroke, respectively. C Young mice received valeric acid and were subjected to 120-min MCAO. They were then received intravenous saline, mouse IgG1, or mouse monoclonal anti-IL-17 antibody and named saline, IgG isotype, and anti-IL-17, respectively. D Young mice received intraperitoneal normal saline, valeric acid, the combination of saline and GLPG-0974 or the combination of valeric acid and GLPG-0974. IL-17 in the blood was measured. Parametric results in normal distribution are in mean ± S.E.M. (IL-17 and IL-1β data in panel A, IL-1β and IL-6 data in panel B, and IL-1β data in panel C) and other results that are nonparametric data or parametric data in non-normal distribution are presented as median with interquartile range (all other panels). Data of each individual animal is also presented (n = 8 for panel A, = 7–11 for panel B, = 8 for panel C, n = 9–10 for panel D). Results in panels A to D were normalized by the mean value of the Young-saline, saline stroke, saline, and saline groups, respectively