Fig. 3

Aging-dependent gut microbiota changes and effects of fecal transplant on gut microbiota. Feces were harvested from old mice (18 months old, n = 10), young mice (8 weeks old, n = 10), young mice 1 day after the completion of cefazolin treatment (n = 8) or young mice 14 days after receiving transplant of feces from young mice (Young-yFMT, n = 10) or from old mice (Young-oFMT, n = 10). The gut microbiota in these 5 groups of mice was analyzed and compared. A to C α diversity difference among the groups analyzed by chao1, observed_otus, and Shannon methods, respectively. D, E β diversity difference among the 5 groups analyzed by the PCoA and Anosim using Jaccard distance metrics, respectively. F stacked bar plot of relative abundance of taxa within gut microbiota at family level. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001, and **** P < 0.0001