Fig. 1

Fecal metagenomics analysis revealed the altered microbial and functional composition of gut microbiota in CADASIL patients. A The alpha diversity of the metagenomic samples. B PCoA of the gut microbial composition at species level based on the Bray–Curtis distance metric for patients and controls. Adonis, R = 0.02, p = 0.528. C Significantly different species in relative abundance between CADASIL patients and controls. Species names were colored according to the direction of enrichment, and orange and blue represent the species enriched in the case group and the control group, respectively. D The significantly different functional pathways in relative abundance between case and control groups. Pathway names were colored according to the direction of enrichment. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the abundance of species and pathways between the two groups. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001. D–G The top 4 differential pathways enriched in the control group including E PWY-4242 (pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis III), F COA-PWY (coenzyme A biosynthesis I), G PWY-7357 (thiamin formation from pyrithiamine and oxythiamine), and H PWY-6168 flavin biosynthesis III (fungi) and the average relative abundance of their contributional species in two groups of samples, respectively. Species and “unclassified” stratifications are linearly (proportionally) scaled within the total bar height