Fig. 5

Microbiome comparison between the R and NR groups at baseline. a PCoA plot showing no significant difference in microbial composition between the R and NR groups using Bray–Curtis dissimilarities (PERMANOVA P = 0.5). b Richness difference of microbial species (left) and gene (right) between the R and NR groups at baseline, with HC as reference. c Volcano plot of regression coefficients for gut microbial species in remission group. Multivariate regression models were used to explore the associations between gut microbiota and clinical remission. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. In R group, the higher abundance species are shown in blue dots, while lower abundance species are shown in red dots. d Heatmap showing the average abundance of 22 sporulation genes, of which 11 were enriched in R group, as determined by multivariate regression models. Heatmap row annotation showing the colored coefficients derived from MLR models (R vs NR). The coefficients have different colors of blue (enriched in NR) and red (enriched in R). Significant differences are indicated by * p < 0.05. e Heatmap of co-abundance groups (CAGs) of differentially abundant genes between the R and NR groups at baseline. Gene abundance is indicated by color gradient (red indicates the highest abundance, white indicates zero, and blue indicates the lowest abundance)