Fig. 4

Absorption and metabolism of nucleosides and their constituent nucleobases. Concentration changes of various compounds (A) and urate (B) on basolateral side when Caco-2 cell monolayer absorbed nucleosides (inosine and guanosine) and nucleobases (hypoxanthine and guanine) from apical side. The apical and basolateral side of Caco-2 cell monolayer is considered as the bowel luminal and blood side, respectively. Ino, inosine; Hyp, hypoxanthine; X, xanthine; Guo, guanosine; G, guanine; UA, urate. C Apparent permeability coefficient of nucleosides and nucleobases in Caco-2 cell monolayer. D Serum urate in mice fed by nucleosides (HNS) and nucleobases (HNB), respectively. n = 6 mice per group. RT-PCR analysis of mRNA levels of genes CNT1–3 (E) and ENT1–4 (F–I), which are involved with transport of nucleosides and nucleobases in the intestine of mice. ND, normal diet; HNB, nucleobase diet; HNS, nucleoside diet; HNS + LP, nucleoside diet with L. plantarum supplementation. Each data point represents three independent biological replicates. Graphs show the mean ± s.e.m. (A–D) and median with min to max (E–I). Data was analyzed by one-tailed (A, B, D, F) and two-tailed (C, E, G, H, I) t-test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001