Fig. 9

Short- and long-term effects of lactobacilli supplementation in ex-germ-free colonized with CSD microbiota. A Sensitivity to DNBS-induced colitis in the long term: weight changes after DNBS injection, macroscopic score, histological score, global permeability measured, thanks to sCD14. B Phenotypic parameters at short term: weight, bowel wall thickness, colon AB⁺ or PAS.⁺ goblet cell percentages and representative pictures for AB staining, butyrate/acetate ratio, propionate and isobutyrate concentration on caecum contents. Groups: ex-GF mice colonized with vaginal-delivered faeces (VD, blue = GF-VD); C-section-delivered faeces (CSD, red = GF-CSD); microbiota or C-section-delivered faeces microbiota and lactobacilli (CSD + LB, green = GF-CSD + Lb) subjected (striped, DNBS) or not (solid, vehicle) to DNBS injections. N = 5–8. AB, Alcian blue; PAS, periodic acid-Schiff; FMT, faecal material transfer. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001