Fig. 4

Short-chain fatty acid analyses. A Butyrate/acetate ratio and percentage of acetate and butyrate at caecum samples at weaning. B Modulation of KEGG orthologs involved in butyrate production pathway predicted by PICRUSt approach (butyrate kinase [buk, K00929], vinylacetyl-CoA 3,2-isomerase [AbfD, 4Hbt, K14534] and butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase [Ato, K01034]). C Comparison of butyrate producer genus at 5 days, weaning, 6 weeks, second injection and endpoint (VD versus CSD). Groups: vaginal-delivered mice, non-inflamed (VD-vehicle, blue solid); vaginal-delivered mice, inflamed (VD-DNBS, blue striped); C-section-delivered mice, non-inflamed (CSD vehicle, red solid); C-section-delivered mice, inflamed (CSD-DNBS, red striped). N = 18–22. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001; ****p-value < 0.0001