Fig. 1

Acute and chronic chemical-induced colitis experiments. A DNBS-induced acute colitis model protocol. B DNBS-induced chronic colitis model protocol, weigh changes after DNBS injection, histological score, macroscopic score, goblet cells percentages, colon cytokine levels and serum cytokine levels. Groups: vaginal-delivered mice, non-inflamed (VD, vehicle, blue solid); vaginal-delivered mice, inflamed (VD-DNBS, blue striped); C-section-delivered mice, non-inflamed (CSD, vehicle, red solid); C-section-delivered mice, inflamed (CSD-DNBS, red striped). n = 20. DNBS, 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid; EtOH, ethanol; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. *p-value < 0.05; **p-value < 0.01; ***p-value < 0.001; ****p-value < 0.0001