Fig. 5

Vitamin B₁₂ induces alterations in gut microbiota structure and function. a Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of Bray–Curtis distance was analyzed based on OTU level for microbiota beta diversity (ANOSIM R = 0.7817, P = 0.003). b Phylum-level taxonomic distributions of the microbial communities in gut of zebrafish fed with different diets. c Liner discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) was used to analyze the difference in microbial abundance between control and B₁₂ supplemented group. The LDA value threshold was set at 4.0. d Bacterial community phenotypes of the gut microbiome were predicted using BugBase. Statistical significance was identified by the Wilcoxon test with false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected pairwise P-values. *, P < 0.05. e Functional alterations of the gut microbiome in zebrafish fed with control (CK) and B₁₂-supplemented diet (B). Statistical significance was determined by using LEfSe, with a P value of < 0.05 (Wilcoxon test) and a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score (log₁₀) of > 2.5 being considered significant