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Fig. 4 | Microbiome

Fig. 4

From: Akkermansia muciniphila, which is enriched in the gut microbiota by metformin, improves cognitive function in aged mice by reducing the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6

Fig. 4

A. muciniphila downregulated inflammatory pathways and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the blood. a Pathway enrichment analysis using RNA sequencing indicated genes that were downregulated in the blood of aged mice treated with A. muciniphila compared with those in the blood of control mice. b Expression heatmap of the top DGEs in the NOD-like receptor signalling pathway from the blood of aged mice treated with A. muciniphila compared with those in the control group. c–e Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction results validated that the relative mRNA expression levels of IL-6, Trp53, and Hmg proteins were significantly decreased in the A. muciniphila-treated group. f Effect of A. muciniphila on plasma cytokine proteins of aged mice as detected by a cytokine antibody array (n = 5–6). Colours on the heatmap indicate relative cytokine levels. Red indicates upregulated cytokines, and blue indicates downregulated cytokines. g An ELISA verified that the key proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 was significantly decreased after A. muciniphila treatment. Ctrl, control; AKK, A. muciniphila. The overall significance between the two groups was determined by Student’s t-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant

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Microbiome

ISSN: 2049-2618

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