Fig. 1

Experimental design and O. latipes sampling strategy. After a 14-day acclimatization period, adult male O. latipes were exposed to two successive exposures. During the first 28 days (d0 to d28), fish were exposed to five different treatments, each carried out in three 10-L aquaria. Treatments consisted of two controls (0, Z8) and three concentrations of Microcystis aeruginosa (1, 10, and 100 µg.L⁻¹ Chla). After that, a 4-day depuration phase followed (d28 to d33) performed in clear water (0), then fish were exposed again for 5 days (d33 to d39) to M. aeruginosa (100 µg.L⁻¹ Chla). Colors represents the different treatments: blue = water, yellow = Z8 growth medium, light green = 1 µg.L⁻¹ Chla, green = 10 µg.L⁻¹ Chla, dark green = 100 µg.L⁻¹ Chla. Samples were collected at d0 (day 0), d28 (day 28), d33 (day 33), and d39 (day 39). Further analyses were performed on M. aeruginosa culture, water, biofilm, fish food, feces samples, and different tissues (Supplementary Note 1 and Figure S1a–d). Dataset S2 provides details on sampling counts