Fig. 2

Taxonomic characteristics and linkages among various stages of PW, sandstone core, and oil microbiota. a A Venn network graph highlighting both the number and membership of overlapping ASVs detected among various stages of PW, sandstone core, and oil samples. The Venn graph was constructed using a total of 2038 ASVs with a relative abundance of greater than 0.001%. Filled blocks of different shapes and colors represent a collection of samples from specific habitats. Each filled dot denotes an individual ASV. Connections between blocks and dots indicate the belongings of ASVs. b Cladogram showing the significantly different taxa among various stages of PW at class, order, and family levels identified by LEFSe analysis (LDA score > 3). c Pairwise comparisons of significantly different genera among various stages of PW (adjusted q-value < 0.05). The q-value is based on Weltch’s t-test corrected by Benjamini–Hochberg FDR