Fig. 3
Alistipes putredinis abundance modifies the associations of physical activity (PA) measures with body weight measures and plasma biomarkers. Median abundance of A. putredinis was used as cutoff for low and high level. A high abundance of A. putredinis significantly strengthened the associations of PA with weight loss/less weight gain from age 21 to stool collection (a–c), lower body mass index (BMI) at stool collection, lower fat mass percentage at stool collection, weight loss/less weight gain in 6 months, and lower plasma hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at stool collection, but not with plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) at stool collection (d). a The interaction between long-term PA and A. putredinis abundance in relation to body weight change from age 21 to stool collection. b Long-term PA in relation to weight change from age 21 to stool collection among participants with low and high A. putredinis abundance separately. Box plot centers show the median with boxes indicating their inter-quartile ranges (IQRs) of each quintile range of long-term PA. c Association between long-term PA and body weight change from age 21 to stool collection according to A. putredinis abundance. The dots in the plot indicate beta coefficients in the multivariable-adjusted generalized linear mixed-effects regression models, with error bars indicating upper and lower limits of their 95% confidence intervals. Beta coefficients and pinteraction were calculated from multivariable-adjusted generalized linear mixed-effects regression models while adjusting for age, smoking, Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), total energy intake, probiotic use, antibiotic use, and Bristol stool scale. d Associations between PA measures with other body weight measures, including BMI at stool collection, fat mass percentage at stool collection, short-term body weight change in 6 months (using data of the first pair of stool collections only), plasma HbA1c and CRP at stool collection