Fig. 4

Differential KEGG functions of fecal microbiota between cows with high (HOS) and low oxidative stress (LOS). A Significantly different KEGG pathways of fecal microbiota between HOS and LOS; average transcripts per million of each pathway in HOS and LOS are presented. B Partial least squares-discriminant analysis of the fecal metabolome between HOS and LOS cows. C Volcano map of metabolites identified by the fecal metabolome. D Number of metabolites from different sources. E Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis according to different categories of metabolites belonging to the host, bacteria, or both