Fig. 1

Different actions of antibiotics on fungal populations after treatment with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid or cocktail of ampicillin/metronidazole/neomycin/vancomycin in conventional, human microbiota-associated, or mice colonized by fungus. A–B Conventional mice treated with NaCl (Ctrl), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (Amox), or a broad-spectrum antibiotic cocktail containing a mix of ampicillin, metronidazole, neomycin, and vancomycin (AMNV). Ctrl n = 24, Amox n = 32, AMNV n = 8, experiment was done 3 times. C–D Antibiotic-naïve infants treated with amoxicillin due to an infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Before n = 7, during n = 7. E–F Human microbiota-associated mice treated with Ctrl, Amox, or AMNV. Ctrl n = 16, Amox n = 24, AMNV n = 8, experiment was done 2 times. G–H Conventional mice colonized by C. albicans treated with Ctrl, Amox, or AMNV. Ctrl n = 13, Amox n = 16, AMNV n = 20, experiment was done 3 times. A, C, E, and G Experimental design for the administration of antibiotics in conventional mice (A), infants (C), human microbiota-associated mice (E), and mice colonized by fungus (G). B Bacterial and fungal quantity in feces after 10 days of antibiotics, determined by qPCR. D Bacterial and fungal quantity in feces after 1 to 5 days of amoxicillin treatment, determined by qPCR. F–H Fungal quantity in feces after 10 days of antibiotics, determined by qPCR. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001