Fig. 5

MF13079 induced IDD by translocating to the pancreas in germ-free mice. A The butyrate content in the cecum of mice in the Muri and Akk groups. Akk, n=12; Muri, n=11. B Cramp expression in the pancreas of mice in the Muri and Akk groups. Akk, n=6; Muri, n=5. C The MF 13079 load in the pancreas of mice in the Muri and Akk groups assessed via qPCR of the 16S rRNA gene of each strain. Akk, n=6; Muri, n=5. D Flow cytometry evaluation of leukocyte subtypes in the pancreas of mice in the Muri and Akk groups. Data are presented as the frequency of gated cells (left to right: F4/80⁺ macrophages, CD3⁺ cells, CD8⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells, and Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ cells) among the CD45⁺ population of cells per mouse. Akk, n=5; Muri, n=5. Blood glucose (E) and insulin (F) levels of the mice in Muri and Akk groups as measured by OGTT (the AUC is shown in the inset graph). For (E), Akk, n=12; Muri, n=11. For (F), Akk, n=10; Muri, n=10. Muri, germ-free mice inoculated with the MF 13079 strain and provided pure water; Akk, germ-free mice inoculated with the Akkermansia muciniphila strain 139 and provided pure water. In (A)-(F), the data are shown as the mean ± SEM, and Student’s t-test (two-tailed) was used to analyze the differences between the Muri and Akk groups. *P <0.05 and **P <0.01