Fig. 3

An increase in bacterial load and the impairment of immune tolerance in the pancreas. A Thirty ASVs that were significantly altered after 3 months of 0.2% DSS treatment, as identified using sPLS-DA models. The cluster tree on the left shows associations between these ASVs, as determined by the Spearman correlation coefficient based on their relative abundances among all the samples. The heat map shows the relative abundance (log₁₀ transformed) of each ASV in a sample from an individual mouse. NC group, n=17; DSS group, n=18. B The butyrate content in the cecum of mice. NC, n=8; DSS, n=9; FM_NC n=8; FM_DSS, n=8. The bacterial load in the pancreas as measured by C real-time qPCR and D fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of 16S rRNA. NC, n=8; DSS, n=9; FM_NC, n=5; FM_DSS, n=5. E Distribution of family-level phylotypes in the pancreas of NC and DSS-treated mice. The names of the top 10 most abundant families in the DSS group are shown. The abundance was determined by the relative abundances of these families with the total bacterial load in the pancreas detected with qPCR of 16S rRNA genes. NC, n=9; DSS, n=8. F The load of the 4 Muribaculaceae ASVs in the pancreas. The load was determined by multiplying the relative abundances of these ASVs with the total bacterial load in the pancreas detected with qPCR of 16S rRNA genes. NC, n=9; DSS, n=8. G Cramp expression in the pancreas of mice. NC, n=10; DSS, n=10; ABX_NC, n=6; ABX_DSS, n=6; FM_NC, n=5; FM_DSS, n=5. H Flow cytometry evaluation of leukocyte subtypes in the pancreas of NC and DSS-treated mice. Data are presented as the frequency of gated cells (from left to right: F4/80⁺ macrophages, CD3⁺ cells, CD8⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells, and Foxp3⁺ CD4⁺ cells) among the CD45⁺ population of cells per mouse. NC group, n=4-5; DSS group, n=4-5. The data are shown as the mean ± SEM, and Student’s t-test (two-tailed) was used to analyze differences between the NC and DSS groups or the FM_NC and FM_DSS groups. *P <0.05 and **P <0.01