Fig. 1

IDD induced by 0.2% DSS treatment in mice A Blood glucose and B insulin levels of normal control (NC) and DSS-treated mice, as measured by an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (the area under the curve (AUC) is shown in the inset panels). NC group, n=9; DSS group, n=7. C Blood glucose levels of NC and DSS-treated mice as measured by an insulin tolerance test (ITT) (the AUC is shown in the inset panels). NC group, n=8; DSS group, n=9. D Histological sections of pancreatic tissue (200×, scale bar = 0.1 mm) from NC and DSS-treated mice stained for insulin (green) and DNA (blue), and the insulin-positive area was quantified (at right). NC group, n=8; DSS group, n=8. E The number of islets per mm² of pancreatic tissue was calculated based on H&E-stained histological sections of pancreatic tissue (400×, scale bar = 0.05 mm) from NC and DSS-treated mice. NC group, n=9; DSS group, n=10. F The histologic pancreatitis score was evaluated by edema, inflammation, and vacuolization in the H&E-stained histological sections of pancreatic tissue (200×, scale bar = 0.1 mm) from NC and DSS-treated mice. Black arrows, scattered structure; Red arrows, increased peri-islet neovascularization. NC group, n=10; DSS group, n=10. G The alpha-diversity of gut microbiota in NC and DSS-treated mice. H Overall gut microbial structure in NC and DSS-treated mice. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed on the basis of Bray-Curtis distance at the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level. For (G) and (H), NC group, n=17; DSS group, n=18. The data in (A)-(F) are shown as the mean ± SEM, and Student’s t-test (two-tailed) was used to analyze difference between NC and DSS groups. *P <0.05 and **P <0.01. NC, control mice provided pure drinking water; DSS, mice treated with 0.2% (w/v) DSS in drinking water