Fig. 5

Characterization of the host transcriptome as stratified by the tissue-adherent microbiome study groups. The tissue samples were assessed for differential gene expression across the study groups. a Differential gene expression analysis was applied across the five tissue study groups. Significant DEGs (p-value < 0.01) were divided into five modules by hierarchical agglomerative clustering using inverse Pearson’s correlation as distance measure and Ward’s method (“ward. D2”) for linkage. Enrichment analysis was performed on each module using both the KEGG and GO databases. The three most significant terms were included in the heatmap. d Pairwise enrichment analysis of protein-protein interactions of transcription factors (TF-PPI). Top-10 up- and downregulated transcription factors with p-value < 0.01 were included in the bar plots