Fig. 1

Effect of nematode parasitism on root-associated bacteria in five plant species. A Composition and relative abundance of major bacterial taxa in five plant species at the phylum level. B Unconstrained PCoA (PCo1 and PCo2) with Bray–Curtis distance showing the root-associated microbiota of the healthy and RKN-parasitized samples. C Unconstrained PCoA with Bray–Curtis distance showing the root endophytic microbiota of the five plant species. Ellipses cover 68% of data for each plant species. D, E Shannon (D) and Chao 1 (E) indexes of root-associated bacteria for the five plant species. The horizontal bars within boxes represent medians. The boxes represent the 75th (top) and 25.th (bottom) percentiles. The upper and lower whiskers extend to data no more than 1.5 × the interquartile range from the upper and lower edges of the box, respectively. HR: healthy root; HS: healthy rhizosphere soil; PR nematode-parasitized root (non-gall part); PS: Rhizosphere soil with RKN; GR, nematode-parasitized root (gall)