Fig. 3

Composition of the colonic microbiota in FMT-treated mice. A,B Alpha diversity evaluation of colon microbial richness and evenness by measuring Chao and Ace diversity indexes. C Principal component analysis (PCA). D PCoA score plot. E Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) score plot based on the binary_jaccard distance plot based on the OTU of the gut microbe. F Shannon curves. G OTU rank curves. H Rarefaction curves. I Rank abundance curve. J Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis (at the phylum level). K Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis (at the genus level) in the mice cecum of the CON-FMT, SD-FMT, and SD + Mel-FMT groups. CON-FMT: receiving control microbiota FMT mice, SD-FMT: receiving sleep deprivation microbiota FMT mice, SD + Mel-FMT: receiving SD + Mel (20 mg/kg) microbiota FMT mice. The data represent the mean ± SEM, p < 0.05 was set as the threshold for significance by one-way ANOVA followed by post hoc comparisons using Tukey’s test for multiple groups’ comparisons, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001