Fig. 2

Alterations of the microbial species compositions and functions in CKD. A Taxonomic analysis showed 26 microbial species were changed in CKD groups compared to the healthy controls (HC). Species level was described in terms of log2 transformed abundance after total sum normalization and cumulative-sum scaling. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001). B Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis defined characteristically microbial functions of different groups based on KEGG pathways (LDA score > 2). mod-CKD, moderate CKD; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; M. mcronuciformis, Megasphaera micronuciformis