Fig. 9

Gut dysbiosis-derived LPS reduces ALP by increasing neuraminidase (Neu)3 in the mammary gland. A, B The relative gene expression of Neu1-4 in RMT- (A) and LPS-treated mice (B) was detected using qPCR (n = 6). C–G Neu inhibitor zanamivir improves recurrent LPS exposure-induced mastitis in mice. Mice were treated with or without zanamivir (0.5 mg/mL) for 10 days during LPS treatment (20 μg/mouse). C Representative mammary H&E-stained sections from differently treated mice (scale bar, 50 μm). D Histological scores of the mammary glands from the indicated mice (n = 6). E–G Mammary TNF-α (E), IL-1β (F), and MPO activities (G) from different groups were assessed (n = 6). H Representative western blot images of tight junction and TLR4-cGAS-STING-NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway proteins in the mammary tissues from differently treated mice. I–R The relative intensities of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-3, TLR4, cGAS, STING, p-p65, NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1β in the mammary glands were determined (n = 3). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (D–G, I–R), and one-way ANOVA was performed followed by Tukey’s test (D–G, I–R). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 indicate significance