Table 2 Pairwise PERMANOVA results based on BC dissimilarity and WU distances between different sample types. P values less than 0.05 are shown in bold

 BF adults vs ZF adults

2.25

0.0001

2.56

0.0001

2.35

0.0001

1.37

0.0137

 BF juveniles vs ZF juveniles

2.25

0.0001

2.23

0.0001

2.22

0.0001

2.16

0.0001

 BF juveniles vs BF adults

1.52

0.0065

1.81

0.0001

1.69

0.0003

1.44

0.0116

 BF juveniles vs ZF adults

2.18

0.0001

2.24

0.0001

2.13

0.0001

2.17

0.0001

 ZF juveniles vs ZF adults

1.74

0.0001

1.79

0.0002

1.57

0.0009

2.23

0.0001

 ZF juveniles vs BF adults

2.40

0.0001

2.90

0.0001

2.73

0.0001

2.37

0.0001

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs BF adults

1.29

0.0581

1.44

0.0053

2.02

0.0001

NA

NA

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs BF juveniles

1.36

0.0313

1.19

0.0874

1.51

0.0038

NA

NA

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs ZF adults

1.90

0.0001

1.98

0.0001

2.02

0.0001

NA

NA

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs ZF juveniles

2.11

0.0001

2.01

0.0001

1.75

0.0004

NA

NA

 BF adults vs ZF adults

2.36

0.0001

2.41

0.0001

2.23

0.0001

2.24

0.0001

 BF juveniles vs ZF juveniles

1.64

0.0118

1.65

0.0082

2.18

0.0001

2.30

0.0001

 BF juveniles vs BF adults

1.63

0.013

1.40

0.0610

1.33

0.0804

1.37

0.0694

 BF juveniles vs ZF adults

1.63

0.0069

1.65

0.0090

1.31

0.0755

2.14

0.0004

 ZF juveniles vs ZF adults

1.68

0.0052

1.57

0.0196

2.03

0.0004

1.44

0.0291

 ZF juveniles vs BF adults

2.03

0.0001

2.40

0.0002

2.54

0.0001

2.47

0.0001

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs BF adults

1.52

0.0312

1.12

0.2374

2.05

0.0021

NA

NA

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs BF juveniles

1.23

0.1398

0.85

0.7058

1.65

0.0158

NA

NA

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs ZF adults

1.63

0.0048

1.57

0.0102

1.83

0.0012

NA

NA

 Heterospecific foster juveniles vs ZF juveniles

1.69

0.0063

1.42

0.0388

1.61

0.0178

NA

NA