Fig. 2

Strain-specific carbohydrate/nucleoside metabolic processes of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium bifidum are crucial to protect against diet-induced obesity. a Bodyweight curves in normal diet (ND) and HFD-fed mice treated with vehicle and three different strains of Bifidobacterium longum_MG723, Bifidobacterium longum_LM1062, and Bifidobacterium longum_Rosell175 (n = 5 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. b Bodyweight curves in normal diet (ND) and HFD-fed mice treated with vehicle and three different strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum_MG731, Bifidobacterium bifidum_Bb06, and Bifidobacterium longum_Rosell71 (n = 5 per group). Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison. Data expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Veh, vehicle is PBS. c Differentially regulated genes and pathways in the different strains of Bifidobacterium longum. Left panel: network representation of enriched Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes. Functionally related groups partially overlap. Right panel: heatmap of genes related to the pathway. d Differentially regulated genes and pathways in the different strains of Bifidobacterium. bifidum. Left panel: network representation of enriched Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes. Functionally related groups partially overlap. Right panel: heatmap of genes related to the pathway. z score was calculated to indicate the gene expression level. The statistical significance of network analysis for c and d was calculated using two-sided hypergeometric tests, and the false discovery rate was corrected using the Bonferroni step-down method. e A comparison of functional metagenome profiling was performed using the MetaCyc between small VAT (green, n = 51) and high VAT (yellow, n = 48) groups. The statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney analysis. For all graphs, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, and ****p<0.0001. ns, non-significant