Fig. 4

Associations between nasopharyngeal microbiome features and COVID-19 severity. Disease severity was defined differently across studies, ranging from asymptomatic vs symptomatic, to recovered vs deceased. Analytical approaches and statistical methods varied among studies; results tabulated reflect the authors’ conclusions. Disease severity comparisons varied, and included asymptomatic vs symptomatic, moderate vs severe, alive vs dead, and others. The sample size includes COVID-19 patients only