Fig. 2

Comparisons of genes (metagenomics; metaG) and transcripts (metatranscriptomics; metaG) abundance in copies per million (cpm) for enzymes involved in methanogenesis between control and 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP)-treated cows at weeks 4, 8, and 12. A Carbon dioxide (CO₂)/hydrogen (H₂) methanogenesis pathway (KEGG pathway entry MD:M00567), B methanol methanogenesis pathway (KEGG pathway entry MD:M00356), and C methylamine methanogenesis pathway (KEGG pathway entry MD:M00563). NS, no statistical significance in generalized linear mixed model (glmer); *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. The black circles appearing on the boxplots are the outlier samples