Fig. 5

Modulatory effect of L. reuteri on the fecal microbiota in piglets. A Boxplots of α-diversity (richness, Shannon, and Simpson index) at day 0. The median of the data is shown. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to analyze the variation between two groups. B Boxplots of α-diversity (richness, Shannon, and Simpson index) at day 28. Differences were analyzed by two-way ANOVA based on the Scheirer-Ray-Hare test. PCoA with Bray–Curtis distance was performed to assess the microbiota structure at C day 0 and D day 28. E Bar graph showing significant differentially abundant genera between the L. reuteri and control groups at day 0. The data are expressed as the average relative abundance of genera in each group. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to analyze the variation between two groups. F Bar graph of significant differentially abundant genera between the Oral and Nonoral groups at day 3. G The effect of maternal dietary supplementation and oral intake of L. reuteri on relative microbiota maturity at different time points. The Wilcoxon rank-sum test or two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the variation. ns, not significant; *P <0.05; **P<0.01; ****P <0.0001. The data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Diet indicates dietary supplementation with L. reuteri or not; group indicates the oral administration of L. reuteri or not