Fig. 5

Dietary differences across populations and their effects on gut archaeome variations. a Differential consumption patterns of various food items between Chinese populations (rural versus urban populations and different ethnic populations). Odds ratio of likelihood of dietary component within factors of interest was calculated by unconditional maximum likelihood estimation (Wald). Only significant associations (p < 0.05) were plotted and colored according to log2 transformed odds ratio. b The effect size of food items on variations of the archaeome composition across Chinese populations. Food items were sorted according to their effect sizes. Only those with statistical significance (FDR adjusted p < 0.05) were plotted, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. c The relationship between fecal abundance of M. smithii and food consumption of buttered milk tea. Statistical significance between consumers and non-consumers of buttered milk tea was determined by Mann-Whitney test, **p < 0.01. For box plots, the boxes extend from the 1st to 3rd quartile (25th to 75th percentile), with the median depicted by a horizontal line