Fig. 4

Core and transferrable ARGs are carried by different gut symbionts specific to A. cerana and A. mellifera. a Pearson correlations between the prevalence of each group of core ARGs (both core of country-wide and specific locations) and the number of bacterial species carrying this ARG group in all A. cerana samples. The shaded area represents the 95% confidence region. b Different classes of ARGs are carried mainly by the core bacterial genera specific to A. cerana. Each arc represents the link between a group of ARGs from each class and the bacterial species in each genus. The pie charts show the distribution of bacterial genera in each class of ARGs. The sizes of the pie charts are proportional to the prevalence of each class of ARGs, and the thickness of the lines is proportional to the number of connections (ARG group-bacterial species). c Box plots showing the number of transferrable ARGs per honeybee gut sample. Different letters (a, b, c, d) above each bar stand for statistical differences between sampling sites (LSD test, P < 0.05). d The presence (pink squares) and absence (black squares) transferrable ARGs in different bacterial genus in A. cerana and A. mellifera gut samples. Gram-negative are marked with grey shades