Fig. 3

Breastfeeding infants from mothers with HIV exhibit significantly less Bifidobacteria at 6 months postpartum. A Bacterial taxa relative abundance differences between HEU and HUU infants within the breastfeeding cohort: Bifidobacterium was the only taxon that significantly differed between HEU and HUU infants at 6 months postpartum (6m pp, FDR; P = 0.015). B Bacterial taxa relative abundance differences between HEU and HUU infants within the non-breastfeeding cohort: None of the bacterial taxa relative abundance differences in the non-breastfeeding cohort reached significance between the microbiota of HEU and HUU infants. Because the majority of infants born to mothers without HIV were breastfed for 9 months, it was not possible to compare across non-breastfeeding cohorts at these earlier time points. Only genera representing ASVs with a mean greater than 0.5% are shown