Fig. 5

Improvement in intestinal I/R injury by L. murinus depends on the participation of macrophages. a Peritoneal macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry for F4/80⁺CD45⁺ cells in mice in the sham group, I/R group, and IR + L. murinus group (n = 3–4). Representative quantification on the right. b Peritoneal macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry for F4/80⁺ CD45⁺ cells in mice (n = 3–4). c–f HE staining and ZO-1 and occludin immunofluorescent staining in the ileum and representative quantification. Scale bar = 100 μm (n = 6–8). g FD-4 level in the plasma (n = 6–8). h–j HE staining, relative LDH levels, and tight junction mRNA levels were detected in organoids cultured alone and co-culture with macrophages after H/R. Scale bar = 20 μm (n = 5–6). The results are expressed as the mean ± SEM. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 were determined by one-way ANOVA (Tukey’s test). ANOVA, analysis of variance; FD-4, FITC-dextran 4-KD; HE, hematoxylin-eosin; H/R, hypoxia/reoxygenation; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; L. murinus, Lactobacillus murinus