Fig. 1

Overview of study samples. We collected gut microbial and host data from colon contents, intestinal biopsies, and blood samples in mice. For ageing experiments, we collected and profiled colon contents, intestinal biopsies, and blood samples from 1-, 4-, 20-, 50- and 100-week-old groups. For rejuvenation experiments, colon contents, intestinal biopsies and blood samples were collected from young (20-week-old groups) and aged mice (100-week-old groups) and applied to the three rejuvenation models, respectively. Co-housing and parabiosis experiments were performed for 6 weeks. For serum injection experiments, young and aged mice were systemically treated with serum isolated from young mice injected intravenously into the tail vein 8 times (for 3 weeks) or 16 times (for 6 weeks). To evaluate the ageing and rejuvenation efficacies, all mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from the collected colon contents, and 16S rRNA sequencing and metagenome shotgun sequencing were performed (Table S1)