Fig. 1
From: Strain-level analysis reveals the vertical microbial transmission during the life cycle of bumblebee
Microbiota compositions of bumblebee shift along the developmental stages. (a) Samples were collected from different stages of bumblebee development. Clusters of eggs and young larvae (Larva-Y) living together were collected from the brood clumps. Old larvae (Larva-O) spin individual strong silken cocoons and no longer continued to feed. Young and old pupae (Pupa-Y and Pupa-O) were dissected from closed cells. Adult bees were sampled 1, 5, 10, and 15 days after the eclosion (Adult-D1, -D5, -D10, D15). The hairs of 1-day-old bees are entirely white, and the characteristic coloration started to develop in about 24 h. (b) Relative abundance of phyla shifts during the developmental stages as shown in a stream graph. (c) Microbiome compositions in different developmental stages plotted on an unweighted UniFrac PCoA graph. (d) Boxplots indicate the distribution of each life stage along the first principal coordinate (PCo1). (e–f) Chao1 (e) and Shannon (f) diversity metrics of the data sets. The blue fit lines were obtained by using a generalized additive model (GAM)