Fig. 3

Identification of microbial cohorts. a Environment-MAGs network uncovered local and potentially time-delayed co-occurrence and association patterns between bacteria and environmental variables in activated sludge. Only statistically significant (P value ≤ 0.05, Q value ≤ 0.01) and strong (local similarity score ≥ 0.6 or ≤  − 0.6) correlations are shown in this figure. The line thickness is proportional to the absolute value of local similarity, and dash line indicates a 1-month shift/delay in the correlation. Node size and color represent the degree and identified clusters using Markov CLustering Algorithm (MCL). b Ridge plot shows the temporal dynamics of identified microbial cohorts. The numbers in the ridge plot are the maximum relative abundance of microbial cohorts