Fig. 3

Intra-kingdom co-occurrence networks. a Intra-kingdom co-occurrence networks showing a higher number of nodes and edges in bacterial networks than those in fungal networks. The nodes are colored according to bacterial phylum and fungal class. Node size indicates the degree of connection. Edge color represents positive (green) and negative (red) correlations. b Comparison of node-level topological features in Fig. 3a (degree and closeness centrality) demonstrating the high degree and closeness centrality for the hub taxa. Taxonomic information for hub taxa is presented in Table S12. c Degree and interaction type of the top 10 hub nodes in four networks, showing a higher number of negative correlations in bacterial networks than in fungal networks. The degree (d) and edges (e) of bacterial and fungal taxa showing the higher complexity of the healthy bacterial network than that of the diseased bacterial network, with the opposite pattern showed in the fungal networks. The significance of difference was determined by nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test