Fig. 3

Exogenous acetate supplement improves cognitive ability in mice with gut microbiota dysbiosis induced by vancomycin. a PCA-based classification using fecal metabolomic profiling in normal control (CON), type 1 diabetic (T1D), and vancomycin-treated T1D (T1DV) mice at 7 weeks. OPLS-DA-based classification and its corresponding S-plot using fecal metabolomic profiling between T1D and T1DV at 7 weeks (n=6 mice per group). b The change of acetate level in feces of CON, T1D, and T1DV mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks (n=6 mice per group). c After a 1-week acclimation, mice were injected with streptozocin for 5 consecutive days to develop T1D mice and then treated with vancomycin (Van) plus acetate. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate learning and memory ability in T1D mice at 7 weeks after Van treatment (n=5–6 mice per group). d, e The change in acetate level in serum and the hippocampus of CON, T1D, and T1DV treated with acetate (T1DVA) mice for 7 weeks. f Escape latency during the training period in CON, T1D, and T1DVA mice at 7 weeks. g Percentage of total swimming length in the Q-III area (original platform quadrant), h percentage of total swimming time in the Q-III area, and i the number of crossings over the original platform location during the test period in CON, T1D, and T1DVA mice at 7 weeks. j PCA-based classification using fecal metabolomic profiling between normal control (CON) and vancomycin-treated CON (CONV) mice at 11 weeks. OPLS-DA-based classification and its corresponding S-plot using fecal metabolomic profiling between T1D and CONV at 11 weeks. k The change of acetate level in feces of CON and CONV mice at 3, 7, and 11 weeks. l After a 1-week acclimation, mice were treated with Van plus acetate and then their learning and memory ability was assessed by the MWM test at 11 weeks after Van treatment. m, n The change in acetate level in serum and the hippocampus of CON and CONV treated with acetate (CONVA) mice for 11 weeks. o Escape latency during the training period in CON and CONVA mice at 11 weeks. p Percentage of total swimming length in the Q-III area (original platform quadrant), q percentage of total swimming time in the Q-III area, and r the number of crossings over the original platform location during the test period in CON and CONVA mice at 11 weeks. Time-series data were analyzed by repeated measures one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test. The difference between two groups was determined by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test with Bonferroni correction. The differences among three groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s multiple comparisons test, and data with different lowercase codes are significantly different (P < 0.05). The difference between two groups was determined by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test with Bonferroni correction